Let's Talk Chastity... (Virtues, Part 1)

Okay, so I live on a college campus - and I am a college student - and I am 20 years old - and I would say I'm still in those years when (and this may be a bit of a delicate subject, so I apologize in advance if it makes you uncomfortable) sex seems to always pretty much dominate the mind. So, let's talk chastity...

What is it?

Chastity is a form of the cardinal virtue of temperance. Let's break that up a bit. What is a virtue? A virtue is a state of being, i.e. just because one is occasionally chaste does not mean that one is a chaste person. A virtue is something that must be developed over time. It's not something that one just immediately has. It must be something that we work on (there's more to it than that, but I think that'll suffice for now). Okay, there are 2 kinds of virtues: the cardinal virtues and the theological virtues. The Cardinal Virtues are Prudence, Temperance, Justice, and Fortitude. The Theological Virtues are Faith, Hope, and Caritas (which is usually translated charity or love, but I wanted the reader to remember something about Caritas ... it's a higher form of "love" than anything we can imagine or anything we can naturally produce within ourselves). The Cardinal Virtues are those four virtues which have, since time immemorial, been recognized as virtues by all of the world (until the present day, when most of them have been lost). Furthermore, they are virtues that, for the most part, can be found among all people, not just Christians - not just those with access to the ordinary means of divine grace. I'll be dealing with all of these in turn, but right now I'm just trying to get some terms defined. The Theological Virtues are those virtues which are gifts from Almighty God given to us in Baptism and strengthened (in Latin, the verb used is confirmare) in Confirmation. Furthermore, they are gifts which God continually renews in us. I'll deal more with the theological virtues much later (after I finish the Cardinal Virtues).

This will be my post dealing with the virtue of temperance, although I will discuss it under its form of chastity. It is important to note, though, that most of this applies also to temperance in food (the opposite of gluttony). Now what is temperance specifically? Temperance is that virtue portrayed by the phrase, "All things in moderation." That is, one uses just enough of a good (by which I mean something that is literally good - food, sex, money, etc.) in the way in which it is meant to be used - no more, no less.

So let us look at chastity in its context as a form of temperance. The good with which chastity specifically deals is that of sex. Sex is a good. I'd really hate for you to walk away from your computer with the idea that Christians think sex is bad because - guess what - it's not. Because of this, chastity is that form temperance where one has just enough sex in the way in which it is intended - no more, no less.

Pretty interesting, right? I'm not done, either.

That's what chastity is but how can it be practiced. Well, first off, chastity means never looking at someone as if they are an object purely for your sexual gratification. PEOPLE ARE NOT MEANS TO AN END ... THEY ARE ENDS IN AND OF THEMSELVES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! When God made man, He made him in His own image. We are icons of Almighty God. At the 2nd Council of Nicea, the Church made the statement that what is done to and for icons and images are done to and for those whom the icons and images represent. What we do to human beings (images of Almighty God), we do ultimately to God. To turn a human being into someone (or maybe something would be the word) whose only purpose in life is to fulfill your sexual desires is a serious violation of their human dignity and a serious violation of the virtue of chastity. Serious. That's why Jesus said that if you so much as look at a woman, you commit adultery with her in your heart. It is serious. Included among this are sins of rape, pornography, and viewing anyone with unchaste intentions.

One way to avoid this terrible sin against the human person, is to serve them ... not to receive something from them ... just to serve them. Treat them as they really are: an image of Almighty God. Treat them with the respect and dignity due them as human beings.

Another way that chastity is abused is in perversions of the sexual act which would include all intercourse between anyone other than 1 human male and 1 human female and it would also include all unnatural intercourse between them. This means solo sexual acts, homosexual acts, bestial acts, and even some heterosexual acts. I don't want to get into too much detail ... mainly because I'm not a priest. If you have questions about whether or not you're living chastely, by all means ... see a priest.

Ways that this can be avoided are quite obvious because these acts must be more premeditated in general. The way to avoid doing them is to avoid doing them. That is don't participate in these acts and do not give in to temptation. BELIEVE ME: I know how hard it is. I know it's a struggle. And I know that we fail: that's what the Sacrament of Confession is for. Use it.

Chastity may also be abused in what is given what is in my opinion a misnomer: pre-marital sex. The reason I find this to be a misnomer is because it is not only before marriage that one can have pre-marital sex. I would prefer to refer to it as extra-marital sex (meaning sex outside of the marriage bonds). Beyond that point, though, the reason this is wrong is because of the meaning and ends of sex. Sex has two ends: the procreative and the unitive, the latter of which is subordinated to the procreative. Quite naturally, sex results in children. That is the natural result of sex. This is why it is a mortal sin to use contraception. This goes along with that "in the right way" part of the definition of temperance. If you use contraception, you have gotten rid of the most important reason for the existence of sex in the first place. If you use contraception, I would (a) stop using it immediately and (b) go to confession ASAP. Because sex has a procreative intent, the couple must be open to the possibility of children. Because children need both a mother and a father - because they need both a protector and provider, and an educator (which, by the way, is not the servile role everyone seems to think it is...) - they need a family. Therefore, the couple must be married so that they can be open to this idea. Furthermore, sex is a sign of a very deep reality: it is a sign stating that you are giving yourself entirely ... 100% ... to your partner. That is also what marriage is. Sex is the sign of marriage. If one is not married and one has sex, then one has told one's partner a lie. Granted, it is a mutual lie, but it is still a lie. Therefore, all sex outside the bonds of marriage is a violation of the virtue of chastity.

There ... that is my take on what I know is a very touchy issue.

Mariae et Jesu Semper Servus Sum,
Joe

The Oxford Movement Continues...

Okay, so I was going to try and not follow the trend of Catholic bloggers talking about this issue, but this is so major to our time and place in Catholic history and I've seen some absolutely retarded comments. So here I go ... where I will stop, only God knows.

I always have to laugh when I think about the Anglicans. Let's face it. Anglicanism was founded by a guy whose wife wasn't having a son. Anglicanism was founded because a guy wanted a son and therefore wanted to divorce his wife and marry someone else to try and have a son (of course, the poor guy couldn't have known at the time, but biologists know now that it's the man who determines the sex of his children --- not by choice of course). And people wonder why Anglicanism is falling apart at the seams. I'm surprised it's lasted as long as it has. I mean really! What on earth would anyone expect to happen? I mean ... schism because of disagreement on doctrine at least makes some amount of sense (even if it is also terribly sinful) ... but schism on account of desire for a divorce is absolutely repulsive.

Following the beginnings of the Oxford Movement in Britain in the 1800s, John Henry Newman entered the Church, and after that, the Second Spring has been upon England. The dark times of the stronghold of the Anglican heresy were coming to an end. Cardinal Newman (soon to be beatified by the Holy Father) was one of the first of a flood of converts from Anglicanism to Catholicism. People swimming not only the Tiber, but the English Channel as well: not only towards Rome, but as far as possible away from Canterbury. Among the important converts that followed in the wake of Cardinal Newman were Oscar Wilde. Then in the early twentieth century, the stage was set. Enter G.K. Chesterton. Witty, intelligent, insightful, and rather jolly, Chesterton continued to spur the conversion of many souls (for those who don't know Chesterton was the mediate cause of Lewis's conversion to Christianity). Catholicism was gaining ground in England. Finally, the prayers given to Our Lady of Walsingham were being answered. Now, the next major step ... and quite possibly the most important decision of our day, the Vatican and many orthodox Anglicans (both clergy and laity) have reached an agreement. Expect the Tiber River to be full of Anglicans entering the Promised Land: the New Jerusalem: Holy Mother Church.

Having gotten through all of my rejoicing (incidentally, please continue to pray through the intercession of Our Lady of Walsingham for the conversion of the Anglicans and especially for the conversion of the Queen), I would like to correct a few misunderstandings. The people coming into Rome will have to assent to every dogma of the faith, including that of the Petrine Supremacy. It is not something where they get to maintain all of their old doctrines and dogmas, even those in direct contradiction to the Catholic faith. Second (and really this should not be an issue at all, but many including CNN seem to be fixated on it): Just because the Vatican is allowing married men to become priests and married men in seminary to become priests in this situation, does not mean that the discipline is changing. These are special exceptions, and, in the future, all of the priests in this Anglican-use "rite" will be celibates. But even if the pope were to allow for this to be some sort of distinctive feature of the Anglican-use rite, this would not change anything. The Eastern Rites have always allowed married men to be priests. The Latin Rite has a different discipline, and it is a good discipline. I may discourse on it at a later date.

As for now, I tip my hat to the Holy Father, the CDF, TAC, and to the approaching converts. Welcome Home to Rome, O ye from Canterbury and may Our Lady of Walsingham cradle you and your motherland in her arms and convert the heretics to the true faith. Amen.

Mariae et Jesu Semper Servus Sum,
Joe

Stalkers, Mystery, and --- a Catholic school?

I've been longing to read a book from the John Paul 2 High Series ever since I saw Regina Domain on Life on the Rock on EWTN last semester. To give a bit of background on the series, Regina Domain (a Catholic author herself - whom I was particularly impressed with after she referenced Chesterton on Life on the Rock) decided that it would be great if she could bring a group of Young Adult Catholics together to write a book for other Young Adult Catholics. Christian M. Frank is a pseudonym for this group of young adults. Domain got the idea from the Hardy Boy series and the Nancy Drew series which were also written by groups of young adults. Bearing this in mind as I opened the book to read, I have to say that Trespasses Against Us (the 2nd book in the John Paul 2 High Series) was an absolutely riveting read. Sure the writing style itself wasn't always on par with Chesterton (who was a master of writing Catholic mysteries), or Tolkien (a master Catholic fiction author) ... but who would expect it to be? The story line in this book is well thought-out and leaves the reader begging for more at the close of the last chapter. I know no higher praise of fiction than this: I could not stop reading the book. I brought it with me to class so that I could read before class started. I brought it with me to work in the hopes that I'd catch a spare moment or two to read. I got off the Internet early so I could read the book before going to bed. On top of being a fantastic mystery, it's a great read for Catholics in particular because the book traces the lives of young Catholics and the struggles they face, especially in the modern world. How do we reconcile the Church's teachings on revenge and just war with our own desires? How are we supposed to live a good prayer life? How far does God expect us to go when the world has turned against us? And then the question that is rather high on the list of any young adult's uncomfortabilities with the modern world ... how far is it possible to go without crossing a line of unchastity? All of these things and more does the book cover. And for this, I give Trespasses Against Us, 2 thumbs way way up.

If you are interested in purchasing this book, you may click the link at the top of the post. If you are interested in browsing other Catholic titles, please check out the Catholic Company.

Mariae et Jesu Semper Servus Sum,
Joe

Eucharistic Meditations

Okay, this post has been a long time coming, but due to the nature of the content of the book that this is a review for, I felt the need to take it slow. The book is called The Fire of God's Love: 120 Reflections on the Eucharist and it truly is a masterwork by Mike Aquilina. Made up of 120 short meditations on the Most Blessed Sacrament and the Mass by various saints and Catholic thinkers throughout the ages, this is a real winner in my book (no pun intended) any day. I'm nowhere near finished with it, but I can tell you that of the 60+ meditations that I've read thus far, each one provides food for thought on the Heavenly Food. Mike Aquilina provides bread for the mind on the Bread of Angels and provides a short introduction to the work himself. He says:

"The Christian mysteries exceed the capacities of human reason ... Ordinary language could not do them justice. They strain even the specialized vocabularies of the sciences, such as philosophy and theology. They trespass far beyond the frontiers of poetry.

"How then can we begin to speak of them?

"Science falters and poetry fails, but love succeeds by grace. The love of Jesus impels the saints to awestruck silence but also to impassioned speech." (Aquilina, ix)

This paradox presents us with the purpose of this book ... to give us the feeble (and yet beautiful and awe-inspiring) attempts at describing the Eucharist. This is a mystery that far exceeds our capacity to comprehend, but this is a mystery which is at the center of our faith. Indeed, according to the Catechism, it is the source and summit of our faith. It is crucial for Catholics to understand it to the best of their abilities ... and this book presents the strivings of some of the most intelligent and/or saintly Catholics in existence in their own writings.

To close my review of this fantastic collection, I present 2 of my favorite meditations thus far:

"Put all the good works in the world against one communion well made, and they are like a speck of dust beside a mountain." - St. John Vianney

"The best way to economize time is to 'lose' half an hour each day attending Holy Mass." - Bd. Frederic Ozanam

To purchase this collection of timeless meditations and reflections, you may click the link at the top of the post. To browse other titles offered by the Catholic Company, click here.

Thanks for reading and I hope that, as Mike Aquilina says in his introduction, "God will make limitless poetry out of the prose of your life, and he will renew the face of the earth, beginning with your little corner."

Mariae et Jesu Semper Servus Sum,
Joe

October: Month of the Holy Rosary

This is October, the month of the Holy Rosary. As Servus Mariae et Jesu, I feel it to be my duty to encourage devotion to the rosary, and this is an excellent month to start. Merely set aside 15-30 minutes every day to pray the rosary. Honor Our Lady through the remembrance of Our Lord. Honor Our Lord through the veneration of Our Lady. Regina Cœli will care for us with an overabundant love. While the love of God is over and above the love which it is possible for any creation to have ... Our Lady is by far the most loving creation, and God has given her an overabundance grace which she may lavish upon us her children as she sees fit. It is for this reason that I implore you to begin this devotion if you have not yet begun, and for this reason do I encourage those who currently have devotion to the Rosary to maintain this devotion.

Now, I have a special request for the month of October. This month has been dubbed LGBT Awareness Month by my university's diversity program. In "honor" of this occasion, I am spreading awareness of those who struggle with same-sex attractions (SSA).

Many people struggling with SSA are truly struggling, but trying to live the chaste life God has called them to live. Many people struggling with SSA, however (and these are the most visible ones), have fallen into despair of ever being lifted out of the slime-hole into which they have fallen (not necessarily entirely by their own fault ... it has not been determined why some people do struggle with this, but I personally believe that some of it is psychological and environmental factors). Both of these groups of people need prayers. The first that they might persevere in the grace and love of God so that one day they might rest in the peace the surpasses all understanding and the second that they might see the hope which God has promised to those who are faithful to Him, that is that they might see that they have hope and will no longer despair. Pray for their conversion and their salvation.

Mariae et Jesu Semper Servus Sum,
Joe

Respect Life Sunday

Today is Respect Life Sunday and so I have a post for my readers. I apologize that it's so late in the day; I was at a quiz bowl tournament at UT-Austin this weekend and I just got back as the Saints beat the Jets (listened to the last half on the radio ... GO, SAINTS, GO!) I also apologize for those who are waiting for the continuation of my series on His Holiness, Pope Paul VI's "Credo of the People of God." I will finish it one of these days. School's pretty much got me in a headlock right now. Just a side note on Austin: the Cathedral (St. Mary's) is beautiful and the deacon's homily this morning was awesome! St. Austin's looks like a beautiful church from the outside (looks like an old Spanish mission ... and for all I know, it is). But UT's Catholic Student Center is disgusting looking! Here's a link to their site. Meanwhile, the Disciples of Christ church right across the street looks absolutely gorgeous on the outside (the inside leaves much to be desired ... but it is the Disciples of Christ ...). There's something seriously wrong with that picture.

Anyway, Respect Life Sunday.

It is one of the most tragic situations in our society today that the dignity of human life is ignored by practically everyone. Many Republicans and some Democrats will claim that they are for life, but in reality all they're doing is looking for votes. What exactly do Catholics mean when we speak of the dignity of human life?

It's simply this: All human beings are fearfully and wonderfully made in the image and likeness of God. Now, the ancient teaching of the Church tells us that any honors paid to an image are in all actuality paid to the person whom that image represents. Since humans are made in the image and likeness of God, we are all like walking icons of God. That means anything you do to a human being, you also (and really in a deeper way) do to God. Because of this, humans have an inherent dignity of personhood. That is to say, human beings (while not necessarily meriting this dignity) should be treated as though they are what they are: images of the Thrice-Holy God, the Eternal Almighty Triune God.

Now, in what ways does modern society ignore this.

Well, first of all, what has happened is that utilitarianism has basically destroyed modern man's concept of the natural law. An action is not right or wrong (regardless of what modern society tells us) based on what that action accomplishes, but based on what that action is and in what way it offends or pleases Almighty God. There is an objective Truth, and it is this that right and wrong is based off. Because of utilitarianism, human beings are viewed nowadays as means to an end rather than ends in and of themselves, rather than icons of the Almighty God.

Because of this we have:

(1) Contraception (under which I'm including all forms of sexual activity that have removed the end of procreation from the act)
(2) Abortion
(3) Embryonic Stem Cell Research
(4) Child Abuse (Physical/Sexual, Verbal, and Mental)
(5) Adultery
(6) Murder
(7) Unjust War
(8) Usury
(9) Socialism
(10) Divorce
(11) Capitalism*
(12) Slavery
(13) Euthanasia
and the list goes on

*Capitalism here is defined as any system in which there are no enslaved individuals, but in which there is a divide between the concepts of ownership and labor. I've discussed this in my posts on Distributism before and I'm not going to go into it now.

Suffice it to say that our society has completely lost sight of the dignity of the human person. And this is the very troubling circumstance which (throughout the whole year but on this Sunday in particular) the Church has reminded us of time and time again ... this is the circumstance which will define the age we live in. You and I are living and breathing during the worst genocide in human history. That's right: worse than Hitler, worse than Stalin, worse than the Ottoman destruction of the Armenians, worse than the Roman destruction of the Christians, and the Greek persecution of the Jews. Abortion has killed hundreds of millions of people: the weakest humans in existence. These icons of God have been unceremoniously destroyed ... but unlike the monstrous murder of the Holy Innocents conducted by King Herod upon the birth of a Holy Infant who was to save us all, this modern massacre has popular approval and is directly carried out by so-called doctors and the very people who are supposed to protect that human person at this vulnerable stage: the mothers. You and I have a serious responsibility. There are babies dying, and if you and I sit idly by and let it happen, then we are no better than King Herod. We are no better than the abortion "doctors". We are no better.

If we watch people starve, then we deserve a fate worse than death.
If we allow people to kill the elderly and unwanted, you and I deserve a fate worse than the politicians who advocate it.
If we sit back and watch the world descend in a handbasket to the very gates of Hell, then we deserve to be the first into those eternal fires.

Do not take this responsibility lightly.

Respect Life!

Mariae et Jesu Semper Servus Sum,
Joe

Distributism: The Only Way

I posted this on my facebook as a note and I know it's kind of an interruption of the post series (which hasn't had the next post posted to it in quite a while ... for which I apologize. I have a hefty courseload this semester - only 16 hours but it's a large 16 hours) but I thought it would apply to my blog as well.

Anyway, I've left it unaltered (except for to the very end ... I have square brackets around what I've added ... but it's nothing really to the note content)

---

Recently, I saw that someone had written an analysis of economics and, as is typical of Americans (and really people in general) he presented 2 forms of economic systems: you will know them as Capitalism and Socialism. Now, he further elaborated and broke up those two ... but he did leave it at those two. So, I intend in this article to discuss the two of those and their flaws and the third way (or really ... the only way) system of Distributism.

First, it is important to note that there is another system that has pretty much been rejected by everyone in the modern world called "Serfdom" (or some other form of Servile State). Why has this been rejected? Well, while this kind of state has certain social and economic advantages which I'm not going to go into here, it violates human dignity. The enslaved is seen as somehow less than human. Any time this happens, it is a great moral evil ... and any time we have a great moral evil, the economy suffers.

Now, for the 1st of the 2 major evils which I will discuss in this note: Capitalism. According to Hilaire Belloc in Economics for Helen, "The Capitalist State is that one in which though all men are free (that is, though no one is compelled to work for another by law, nor anyone compelled to support another), yet a few owners of the land and capital have working for them the great mass of the people who own little or nothing and receive a wage to keep them alive: that is, a part only of the wealth they produce, the rest going as rent and profit to the owners." (Belloc, 96)

Now, anyone can see that this applies to the United States on some level. Certainly we are not compelled to work by law (although to some measure we are compelled to support others ... but that's an issue I will address later). However, it is a few owners (relatively) for whom the rest of us must work. Don't believe me? How many people do you know who own their own business? How many people do you know who work for someone else? Is not the second number substantially larger than the first?

Furthermore, if we stretch our minds a bit, we can see that this is an evil. We can see that it is evil that some do not own the "means of production" (also known as land and capital). This is what as referred to as a separation between the workers and the owners. As Pope Leo XIII states in Rerum Novarum, this divide is unnatural. Everything we make, we should own, until we choose to sell it. This is common sense. If you paint a masterpiece, and someone bids $1 million for it, you would expect to receive that $1 million, correct? If you were to receive $100,000 or even $900,000 of that million, you would find this unjust. Well, such is the state of labor in the modern age. Such is the state of labor any time labor is divide from ownership.

Now, on to Socialism. Most modern people who would have read the last two paragraphs of this note would have immediately jumped to the conclusion that I was a socialist. If you're not a capitalist, you must be socialist. If you're not a socialist, then you must be a capitalist (ignoring people who are apathetic or a hybrid of the two of course ... although hybrids usually lean one way or the other). However, Socialism is, in some ways, an even greater evil in principle than capitalism (although maybe not in practice). Socialism is defined by Belloc as the scheme by which "The Officers of the State were to own all the Means of Production [land and capital] ... and they alone should be allowed to own it. Individuals and corporations might consume that portion of produced wealth allotted them by the state after it had been produced, but they might not use it for making future wealth. Any wealth used for the making of future wealth, that is, Capital in any form, was to be handed over to the officers of the State; and all land and natural forces were to be owned forever by the State." (Belloc, 107)

Hopefully, Belloc's definition makes one thing painfully obvious: Socialism is an even worse form of Capitalism than that utilized by the Capitalist State. Why? In Capitalism, there are few owners compared to workers. In Socialism, there is 1 owner and the rest are workers. How have we improved the lot of man by doing this? Answer: we haven't. In fact, we've made it worse. Not only have we lessened the number of owners, but we've eliminated even the slightest potential that one of the workers would become an owner. Notice that I have ignored the problems in implementation of socialism. As far as I'm concerned, those are accidental to the problem of socialism, not essentiall. The case against socialism is the very same as the case against capitalism.

Now, before I move on to discussing the Distributist ideal, let me define a few things.

(1) The Principle of Subsidiarity is that principle by which the smallest possible unit is the unit which carries out the task given it. I like the example of education here. The education is the responsibility of the family (which, incidentally, is the smallest social unit) because it can be carried out by the family. However, if there is a task, building roads for instance, that the family cannot carry out by itself, this task must be transferred to a higher level of government - the local government. Note: This does not mean that the higher level governments will have no power, or even very little power. What it means is that the Federal government should have power to do nothing except that which the lower levels of government cannot do on their own. Another Note: the principle of subsidiarity does not apply to politics alone. It also applies to business and a host of other issues.

(2) The Principle of Solidarity is, according to Pope John Paul II in Solicitudo Rei Socialis, "a firm and persevering determination to commit oneself to the common good; that is to say, to the good of all and of each individual, because we are all really responsible for all." (39). Pope Benedict XVI, taking his cue from Pope John Paul II, writes in his newest encyclical Caritas in Veritate that "Solidarity is first and foremost a sense of responsibility on the part of everyone with regard to everyone" (38). Solidarity, in other words, is that principle by which I love my fellow man because he is my fellow man. And love as defined by Pope Benedict XVI in Deus Caritas Est "consists in the very fact that, in God and with God, I love even the person whom I do not like or even know ... I learn to look on this other person not simply with my eyes annd feelings, but from the perspective of Jesus Christ. His friend is my friend ... Seeing with the eyes of Christ, I can give to others much more than their outward necessities; I can give them the look of love which they crave. Here we see the necessary interplay between love of God and love of neighbor..." (18)

Having defined these two principles, I now move on to Distributism. According to Belloc, Distributism is "A state in society in wich the families composing it are, in a determining number, owners of the land and the means of production as well as themselves the human agents of production (that is, the people who by their human energy produce wealth with those means of production)..." (Belloc 102)

Hopefully, people can understand that this is indeed the ideal society. In this society, human labor and ownership are united under one and the same banner. I own what I produce and I produce what I own. Furthermore you will see that those principles which I defined above are both present in Distributism. Capitalism strives for subsidiarity (ignoring solidarity) and then loses subsidiarity. Socialism strives for solidarity (ignoring subsidiarity) and then loses solidarity. It is only when the two principles are united under one banner that either will be preserved. It is only under Distributism that man is seen as man. It is only in Distributism that man is seen as an end in and of himself rather than a means to some other end. This is the ideal. This is Distributism: The Only Way.

[Mariae et Jesu Semper Servus Sum,]
Joe

Sources:
Caritas in Veritate By Pope Benedict XVI
Deus Caritas Est By Pope Benedict XVI
Economics for Helen By Hilaire Belloc
Rerum Novarum By Pope Leo XIII
Solicitudo Rei Socialis By Pope John Paul II